This is an appeal from an order awarding attorney's fees to appellees, who were counsel for the class of non-nearby milk producers in the action that resulted in our decision in Blair v. Freeman, 125 U.S.App.D.C. 207, 370 F.2d 229 (1966), which held invalid the "nearby differential" provision of the New York-New Jersey federal milk order.

We hold that appellant Freeman, Secretary of Agriculture, has standing to contest the award. In the interest of justice and being advised in the premises we vacate the order of the District Court and enter our own award.

1. The District Court's order provided for payment of a $300,000 fee award out of an escrow fund of approximately $550,000. That is the fund that was established in accordance with an order of this court of December 9, 1966. That order stayed the transmission of this court's opinion for a 90-day period, available for filing a petition for certiorari, and permitted Secretary Freeman, then appellee, to make payments to milk producers after deducting the sums needed to make "nearby differential" payments, but required that such sums be held in an interest-bearing escrow account until further order of the court. The fund grew to its $550,000 size in the two months that elapsed before February 8, 1967, when the Government decided that certiorari would not be brought, and the nearby differential provision would be terminated.

This court's order of February 28, 1967, remanded to the District Court to consider, inter alia, the application for attorney's fees.1

2. The District Court's fee order of August 16, 1967, states, inter alia, that the Secretary of Agriculture "has no legal interest" in the escrow fund "or resulting standing to interpose objections to its distribution other than as a stakeholder of such funds under order of the Court of Appeals or in an advisory capacity." Appellees have moved to dismiss the Secretary's appeal for lack of standing. Their motion is denied. Where litigation involving federal programs comes to involve questions of attorney's fees the cognizant federal official has an interest in the fee award as well as the merits of the litigation even though, or assuming, the fee does not decrease funds in the Treasury.

This has been indicated without discussion or debate in rulings of this court.2 We think it is one aspect of the interest of Government officials in the programs they administer, an interest that is not to be narrowly and technically confined so as to limit presentation to courts of issues they consider to have significance in terms of their overall responsibilities as public officials.3

3. We have decided, for various reasons, to set the fee directly, rather than remand for an evidentiary hearing of the kind we previously contemplated.4

Our objective is to proceed in accordance with equitable principles so as to reward the attorneys whose service in stopping an unauthorized payment has been of benefit to the class of private persons involved, and to the public interest in observance by administrative and executive officials of statutory limitations on their authority.5

A fair fee to such counsel must take into account its necessarily contingent nature.

On the other hand, the underlying principles of equity that are applicable require us to take into account some limitations on the fee that might otherwise be payable — apart from the difficulty in quantifying the benefit (supra note 4). While counsel's diligence and resourcefulness in evolving a general approach merit appropriate commendation, we would be less than candid if we failed to note that a significant aspect of the research required for the prior opinion had to be undertaken by this court, and that the sharpness of tone and approach in various submissions diluted the assistance available from counsel.

The statement by counsel as to amounts of time devoted to the case, which appellant characterized as amounts that appear on their face to be questionable, were accepted in an abbreviated procedure without providing for evidentiary testing by appellant. In cases like these, time is a relevant though not decisive consideration.6 We do not think it necessary to have an exact finding on this point beyond the general finding of the District Court that substantial time was devoted to the case over a period of two years.

Having due regard to the various factors involved and equitable considerations applicable, it is our conclusion that the fee should be set at a sum below the $300,000 figure proposed by counsel, but above the $50,000 minimum which appellant conceded would not be objectionable. We conclude that appellees should be awarded attorney's fees of $185,000, plus out-of-pocket expenses of a kind customarily reimbursed to counsel, and remand for entry of an appropriate order.7

Remanded.